[140] She encouraged artists to study her collection, including the drawings, and exhibited some of her paintings, but apart from portraits she commissioned or bought few works by living painters, except for drawings. After her death, Azzolino burnt most of their correspondence; about 80 have survived. She was only twenty-five, and advising that she should take more pleasure in life, Bourdelot asked her to stop studying and working so hard[63] and to remove the books from her apartments. Christina reached her majority in 1644, and Chancellor Oxenstierna soon discovered that her political views differed from his own. Rudolf had collected old and contemporary works from both Italy and northern Europe, but it was the Italian paintings that excited Christina, and by her death her collection contained relatively few northern works other than portraits. The letters proving his guilt are gone; Christina left them with Le Bel and only he confirmed that they existed. Queen Christina: [at age 6, after her father has died] Good lords and Swedish men. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Dressed in a simple white taffeta dress, she gave her farewell speech with a faltering voice, thanked everyone and left the throne to Charles X Gustav, who was dressed in black. [123][124] On 2 February 1687 Corelli or Alessandro Scarlatti directed a tremendous orchestra [125] performing a Pasquini cantata in praise for James II, England's first Catholic monarch since Mary I[126] to welcome Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine as the new ambassador to the Vatican, accompanied by the painter John Michael Wright, who knew Rome and spoke Italian. Her father, Gustavus Adolphus, had come to the aid of the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War, to diminish Catholic influence and gain economic influence in the German states around the Baltic Sea. When you befriend a Christina, you just know that you have made a true friend for life. She is very smiling and obliging. Christina's financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and the financial difficulties caused public unrest after ten years of ruling. In addition, Sweden was preparing for war against Pomerania, which meant that her income from there was considerably reduced. In early October she left France and arrived in Torino. The new pope, Clement IX, a victory for the squadrone,[106][107] had been a regular guest at her palace. But Gustavus was killed in 1632. Su trabajo combina música, videoarte, dibujo y fotografía. Her closest female friend was Ebba Sparre, with whom she shared a bed and possibly a sexual relationship. Christina's visit to Rome was the triumph of Pope Alexander VII and the occasion for splendid Baroque festivities. In: Der Norden im Ausland – das Ausland im Norden. [116] When the pope suffered a stroke, she was among the few he wanted to see at his deathbed. 1695), Watson, 158. Count Oxenstierna became regent and continued Sweden's part in the war. The constitution stipulated that the "King" must have a Privy Council, which was headed by Oxenstierna himself.[18]. The king, though, was very happy, stating, "She'll be clever, she has made fools of us all! With the execution of Monaldeschi her popularity was lost. It is highly unlikely Descartes wrote a "Ballet de la Naissance de la Paix", performed on her birthday. [93], Christina was treated with respect by the young Louis XIV and his mother, Anne of Austria, in Compiègne. [20], Christina was educated as a royal male would have been. Alexandra was a confirmation name in 1654, chosen in honour of the reigning pope, Bernini had decorated the gate with Christina's coat of arms (an ear of corn) beneath that of Pope Alexander (six mountains with a star above). [149] However, given how influential Christina became in her own era (especially for those in Rome), it is likely her style and mannerisms were at least of general interest to those around her, and this is reflected in many accounts. Twenty-nine-year-old Christina gave occasion to much gossip when socializing freely with men her own age. [66], In her Autobiography (1681) Christina is flirting with her androgynous personality. Raggvaglio della Solenne... – RBSCP", "Wasa, Kristina – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Het leven en bedryf van Christina, koninginne van Sweeden, &c. sedert haar geboorte tot op des zelfs dood ...", "FRAGMENTS OF QUEEN KRISTINA'S BURIAL COSTUME, PRESERVATION AND DOCUMENTATION OF MATERIALS, TEXTILE TECHNIQUES AND DYESTUFFS", National Gallery page on the division of the Raphael altarpiece, "Beneath the surface: the portraiture and visual rhetoric of Sweden's Queen Christina. [57][58], After reigning almost twenty years, working at least ten hours a day, Christina had what some have interpreted as a nervous breakdown. Christina opened an academy in the palace on 24 January 1656, called Academy of Arcadia, where the participants enjoyed music, theater, and literature. [40] On 1 February 1650 Descartes caught a cold. The complex character of Christina has inspired numerous plays, books, and operatic works: For other Swedish royalty named Christina, see. After an hour or so Le Bel was to receive his confession. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. [159][160] According to Veronica Buckley, Christina was a "dabbler" who was "...painted a lesbian, a prostitute, a hermaphrodite, and an atheist" by her contemporaries, though "in that tumultuous age, it is hard to determine which was the most damning label". We Christina, by grace of God, Queen of the Swedes, the Goths and Vandals, promises you to be a good and just king, to protect you all, and to guard the kingdom as our father did, to wisely and with God's help, to keep the standard as we've received it from our fathers. [66] Christina's contemporary John Bargrave described her comportment in a similar fashion but said witnesses ascribed her style more to childishness or madness than masculinity. [66] She was educated as a prince and taught (and enjoyed) fencing, horse riding and bear hunting. [66], Living in Rome, she formed a close relationship with Cardinal Azzolino, which was controversial but symbolic of her attraction to relationships which were not typical for a woman of her era and station. Christina, queen of Sweden (1644–54) who stunned all Europe by abdicating her throne. [130], Christina had asked for a simple burial in the Pantheon, Rome, but the pope insisted on her being displayed on a lit de parade for four days in the Riario Palace. Published by British Academy, 2012. A second expedition in 1654 had failed and the Duke of Guise gave up. On her way back Christina visited the beautiful and atheistic Ninon de l'Enclos in the convent at Lagny-sur-Marne. ", "The Correspondence of Isaac Vossius (currently 1,702 letters) – EMLO", Il y a des preuves que René Descartes a été assassiné », "Expressions of power: Queen Christina of Sweden and patronage in Baroque Europe by Nathan A. Popp, University of Iowa", Beneath the surface: the portraiture and visualrhetoric of Sweden's Queen ChristinaNathan Alan Popp, "The Formula of Concord in the History of Swedish Lutheranism, p. 6 By Docent Seth Erlandsson, Uppsala", "Converts, Conversion, and the Confessionalization Thesis, Once Again", Rome and the Counter-Reformation in Scandinavia: The age of Gustavus Adolphus and Queen Christina of Sweden (1662–1656), "The physician Romolo Spezioli (1642 -1723) and his private library in the Public Library of Fermo", "Romolo Spezioli, medico di Cristina di Svezia", "By subtle means Bourdelot undermined her principles", "Memoirs of Christina, Queen of Sweden: In 2 volumes. Christina seemed happy to study ten hours a day. [note 14]. After the king died on 6 November 1632 on the battlefield, his corpse was brought home in a coffin, with his heart in a separate box. The funeral procession on 2 May led from Santa Maria in Vallicella to St. Peter's Basilica, where she was buried within the Grotte Vaticane – one of only three women ever given this honour (the other two being Matilda of Tuscany and Maria Clementina Sobieska). Konsthistorisk tidskrift, Vol. Christina sent home all her Spanish servants, including her confidant Pimentel and her confessor Guêmes. Grégoire François Du Rietz, since 1642 the court physician,[59] was called when she suddenly collapsed in 1651. Christina sent him food and hundreds of letters when he was locked up in Castel Sant'Angelo. Christina sent a ship to pick up the philosopher and 2,000 books. The Christina piercing is anatomy dependent; it has a high rejection rate, and is not possible for all women due to anatomical variation.The piercing does not facilitate sexual stimulation and can be found uncomfortable when pressure is applied. [128][129], Christina remained very tolerant towards the beliefs of others all her life. She also demanded that the coffin be kept open, and went to see it regularly, patting it and taking no notice of the putrefaction. The Crown of Sweden was hereditary in the House of Vasa, but from King Charles IX's time onward (reigned 1604–11), it excluded Vasa princes descended from a deposed brother (Eric XIV of Sweden) and a deposed nephew (Sigismund III of Poland). Rademaker en J. de Vet, ‘Verdwaalde papieren van de familie Vossius uit de zeventiende eeuw’, in Lias 33 (2006), p. 50–107, de briefuitgave op p. 101–105. Other illustrious scholars who came to visit were Claude Saumaise, Johannes Schefferus, Olaus Rudbeck, Johann Heinrich Boeckler, Gabriel Naudé, Christian Ravis, Nicolaas Heinsius and Samuel Bochart, together with Pierre Daniel Huet and Marcus Meibomius, who wrote a book about Greek dance.

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