A classic case was the Soviet accusation that the 1968 Prague Spring, and the civil resistance after the Soviet-led invasion of August 1968, were the result of Western machinations. During a sit-in, people would occupy a space until forcibly removed. Civil resistance campaigns frequently lead to a situation of partial stalemate, in which negotiation between civil resisters and those in positions of governmental power is perceived as essential. Learn More About ICNC's Translations Program. These terms - all near-synonyms - include "defence by civil resistance", "non-violent defence", "civilian defence", "civilian-based defence", and "social defence". Create your account, Already registered? There have been numerous cases throughout the years in which protestors were arrested for trespassing, loitering, or blocking traffic, and then they used the concept of civil resistance as a defense. In 1989 thousands of Chinese mobilized in support of democracy and occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing—but the movement was suppressed when hardliners in the government took control and ordered violent repression. Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.). All Rights Reserved. Indeed, there is a long history, in many languages, of using a wide variety of terms to describe these phenomena. Someone may choose not to stand during a national anthem. imaginable degree, area of "Appendix: Conflict Summaries", in Maciej J. Bartkowski (ed.). Regimes transitioning from autocracy to democracy tend to be highly unstable, so an initial success for a movement may be followed by a more general failure.

- Definition, Types & Examples, What Is Civic Nationalism? Extinction Rebellion (XR), established in the May 2018.

This can take the form of a march, as was a common tactic of Martin Luther King, Jr. during the Civil Rights Movement, as well as stationary rallies. Can something be civil without being...civil? Thus, arising from experience within the anti-globalization movement, one participant-observer has seen "new forms of civil resistance" as being associated with a problematic departure from a previously more widely shared commitment to maintaining non-violent discipline. For example, a protestor may occupy public space, but their protest is justified by the constitutional right to protest. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons 22 chapters |

In 2003, Georgians used nonviolent action to expose fraud and enforce election results in their country, and in 2004, Ukrainians did the same. Mahatma Gandhi was the first to use it to free India from British imperialism. Cases of armed interventions in areas where there had been an absence of governance in at least parts of a country are outlined by George Joffé and Helen Lackner in Roberts, Willis, McCarthy and Garton Ash, Mustafa Khalili, 'The two sets of protesters were left to fight it out,’, 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, Platform for People Affected by Mortgages, or PAH, Solidarity's campaign in Poland up to 1989, Egyptian struggle against President Mubarak, International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict", "The Strategic Dimensions of Civil Resistance", "Civil Resistance and the 'Diversity of Tactics' in the Anti-Globalization Movement: Problems of Violence, Silence, and Solidarity in Activist Politics", Oxford University Research Project on Civil Resistance and Power Politics, "The failure of strategic nonviolent action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria: ‘political ju-jitsu’ in reverse", Albert Einstein Institution, East Boston, Massachusetts, CivilResistance.info, founded by the late Howard Clark, and run by a team of volunteers, International Center for Nonviolent Conflict, "Civil resistance and the language of power", The trifecta of civil resistance: unity, planning, discipline, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_resistance&oldid=982772051, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. When people wage civil resistance, they use tactics such as strikes, boycotts, mass protests, and many other nonviolent actions to withdraw their cooperation from an oppressive system. In 2005, vast protests in Lebanon brought an end to Syrian military control. The anti-apartheid movement in South Africa employed boycotts and other nonviolent sanctions for decades. "[14] Subsequently, as State Counsellor of Myanmar from 2016 onwards, she incurred much criticism, especially in connection with the failure to prevent, and to condemn, the killings and expulsions of the Rohingya people in Rakhine State. Although civil resistance can sometimes be a substitute for other forms of power, it can also operate in conjunction with them. [39] Because of such considerations, the term has been used in this century in many analyses in academic journals.[40]. Civil resistance often relies on the ability of protestors to gain the sympathy of the public, and violent tactics generally undermine this goal. [9] Criticisms of the central thesis of the book on Why Civil Resistance Works have included: Some leaders of civil resistance struggles have urged the use of non-violent methods for primarily ethical reasons, while others have emphasized practical considerations. - Definition & Examples, The Silent Majority: Definition & Concept, What Is Civic Engagement? This is one of the most important concepts associated with civil resistance.


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